Real Estate

This paper describes the relationship between land use regulation and residential construction. We characterize regulations as either adding explicit costs, uncertainty, or delays to the development process. The theoretical framework suggests that the effects on new construction vary by the type of regulation. Using quarterly data from a panel of 44 U.S. metropolitan areas between 1985 and 1996, we find that land use regulation lowers the level of the steady-state of new construction.

This article presents an empirical model of housing supply derived from urban growth theory. This approach describes new housing construction as a function of changes in house prices and costs rather than as a function of the levels of those variables, which previous studies have used. Empirical tests support this specification over the leading alternative models. Our estimates show that a 10% rise in real prices leads to an 0.8% increase in the housing stock, which is accomplished by a temporary 60% increase in the annual number of starts, spread over four quarters.

Rapid comprehensive change in the physical pattern of a city is a minor revolution — as is the transformation of 42nd Street and Times Square. Two decades ago the agenda for change posed two big questions: Is it possible for cities to reshape what the market is likely to deliver in an area? Is large-scale redevelopment even a plausible political objective, especially when aggressive actions such as condemnation are deemed a necessary part of the strategy?

This paper describes novel market-based technologies that uniquely establish quantifiable and adjustable limits on the power of attackers, enable verifiable accountability for malicious attacks, and admit systematic and uniform monitoring and detection of attacks. These technologies, incorporated in the MarketNet system, establish a financial economy to regulate the trade and use of access rights in information systems. Resources are instrumented to use currency for access control and monitoring, establishing accountability in their use.

This paper describes novel market-based technologies for systematic, quantifiable and predictable protection of information systems against attacks. MarketNet establishes a financial market to regulate and protect access resource access and to account for their use. A domain offers access to its resources to cIients who can pay with its currency. It controls its exposure to attacks by pricing critical resources high and by limiting the currency available to potential attackers.

We examine the effects of intergenerational transfers on saving behavior by analyzing transfers targeted to first-time home purchases. Transfer recipients have a shorter time to save for a down payment of 9-20%. For each dollar of transfer received, total savings falls by 29-40 cents and the down payment rises by 61-71 cents. Transfer recipients increase the value of the home purchased, but by an amount that is much lower than possible if the transfer were fully leveraged.

This article investigates the performance of real estate auctions relative to negotiated sales. It uses a repeat-sales methodology to control for unobserved differences in the quality of auction properties. Properties auctioned in Los Angeles during the 1980s boom sold at an estimated discount of 0%-9%, while sales in Dallas following the oil bust obtained discounts of 9%-21%.

US cities capture public benefits from private developers under several bargaining frameworks: exactions, incentive zoning and public-private developments. These frameworks exist along a continuum of policy-intervention strategies, from passive regulation to active development, from a quid pro quo to incentive to investment policy posture. Each strategy defines a public position, structure and process for negotiation and parameters for the bargaining process.